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Dental arch defects - causes and signs of dental arch defects

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In modern dentistry, the most recognized classifications are those by Kennedy, Gavrilov and Beltman.

For a simple understanding of the classifications, it should be explained that anterior arch defects are defects in the front part of the dental arch (incisors, canines); terminal or distal defects are defects in the dental arch that follow the canines (pr

In modern dentistry, the most recognized classifications are those by Kennedy, Gavrilov, and Beltman.

For a simple understanding of the classifications, it should be explained that anterior arch defects are defects in the front part of the dental arch (incisors, canines); terminal or distal defects are defects in the dental arch that go behind the canines (premolars, molars). The distal support is the outermost teeth in the dental arch. Included defects are defects in the middle of the dental arch, which can affect both the front and back of the dental arch.

Classification according to Kennedy: the first group is a jaw line with bilateral defective ends; the second group is with a unilateral distal defect; the third group is a unilateral defect in the presence of a distal support; fourth group - with defects localized in the anterior section.

Classification of defects according to Gavrilov: first group - dental arches with terminal unilateral and bilateral defects; second group - included lateral unilateral, bilateral and anterior defects; third group - combined; fourth group - with individually preserved teeth.

Classification of defects according to Betelman:

  • Class I - dental arches with one or more terminal defects.
    • Subclass I - unilateral terminal defect of the dental arch;
    • Subclass II - bilateral terminal defects of the dental arch.
  • Class II - one or more included defects of the dental arches.
    • Subclass I – one or more included defects of the dental arches, each extending up to and including 3 teeth;
    • Subclass II – one or more included defects of the dental arch, of which at least one extends more than 3 teeth.

Causes

There are a number of reasons for the appearance of this defect. The main ones are:

  • hereditary predisposition;
  • genetic diseases;
  • carious processes;
  • mechanical damage (formed as a result of various jaw injuries);
  • endocrine system disorders;
  • as a complication of some infections;
  • secondary pathologies (arise due to lack of correction and prolonged ignoring of existing defects);
  • inflammation in the oral cavity;
  • periodontosis;
  • significant delays in the eruption of some teeth;
  • neoplasms in the oral cavity.

Symptoms

Defects of the dentition are characterized by some symptoms. The main manifestations of such a deficiency are:

  • malocclusion;
  • displacement of the incisors or the dental arch as a whole;
  • impaired chewing function;
  • possible development of apraxia of speech;
  • changes in the jaw bones (partial atrophy is possible);
  • impaired continuity of the dental line.
If such a deficiency is not corrected over a long period of time, then pathological changes in the maxillofacial apparatus will continue to develop.

During life, due to uneven pressure on the dental arches, a further shift from the normal axis of areas with increased load occurs, and areas that do not experience the required load are prone to atrophic changes.

Diagnostics

If initial signs are detected, you should make an appointment with a dentist, and a consultation with an orthodontist will be important for drawing up an algorithm for corrective and prosthetic measures.

This deficiency has a specific visual expression and is diagnosed based on the initial examination. Additional diagnostics are not required. It is necessary only in a situation where it is necessary to establish the cause of the deviation. But in order to make a final diagnosis and determine the problems inherent in the patient, the doctor can refer for an X-ray, which will allow you to create a comprehensive picture, answering all the specialist's questions and giving a clear understanding of how to treat this disease.

Treatment

The defects of the incisor rows are transformed exclusively with the help of prosthetics.

This or that type of deviation determines the use of the following types of prosthetics: bridge and removable clasp.

Based on the nature and size of the defect, different types of prostheses are used:

  • small defects are dealt with using fixed bridges, veneers, inlays;
  • larger area defects are corrected with bridge-type implants using non-metallic and/or metal-ceramic crowns;
  • in case of extensive defects (this also includes adentia), removable prosthetics are used, implants are made of acrylic plastic;
  • in case of absence of a large group of teeth, partially removable jaws are used;
  • if a person has an excessively deep bite or with increased tooth wear, specialists resort to clasp prosthetics.

Modern "bridges" are practical, easy to use, wear-resistant and durable.

Prevention

Preventive measures include: compliance with oral hygiene rules; regular dental examinations; prompt elimination of the resulting defects.

If defects are detected, it is important to contact a dentist in time. Timely elimination of problems at the initial stage will help to avoid serious consequences, saving your time and money.

15 Feb 2024, 16:07
Disease Handbook

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