Childhood diseases

Anemia is a condition in which the amount of hemoglobin (iron-containing protein) and erythrocytes (red blood cells) per unit of blood volume decreases. As a result, the supply of oxygen to tissues is disrupted. The development of anemia in children is facilitated by physiological immaturity and increased sensitivity of the hematopoietic organs.

Appendicitis is an inflammatory process in the appendix, occurring due to the activation of intestinal flora, the cause of which lies in the blockage of its lumen. The function of the appendix as an appendage of the cecum, resembling a worm in its structure, in the human body remains unclear to the end.

Arrhythmia is a disruption in the work of the myocardium, the sequence and rhythm of excitation and contraction of its muscle.

Arthritis in children is an acute rheumatic group of diseases that occurs with an inflammatory process of all elements of the joints.

Astigmatism is a defect in which, after refraction in the optical lenses of the eye, the rays of light do not converge at one focal point.

Asphyxia of the newborn (AN) is a condition of the body associated with a complex of pathological deviations caused by oxygen deficiency and a shift in the acid-base balance towards acidity (acidosis).

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a genetically determined inflammatory skin lesion. Do not confuse atopic, allergic dermatitis and food allergies. Despite similar symptoms, they have different etiologies.

Acetonemic syndrome is a condition in which there is a deficiency of glycogen and, as a result, an increased concentration of ketone bodies (acetone) in the body, periodically causing bouts of vomiting. Occurs in 6% of children, more often in girls. It develops after one year, in most cases it appears by the age of five and passes by the age of thirteen.

Balanoposthitis is an inflammatory process that spreads to the head of the penis and foreskin. It occurs in 6% of boys under the age of five.

Myopia or myopia is a type of visual impairment in which there is a pathological change (stretching, lengthening) in the shape of the eyeball. This defect is observed in every fourth person who has reached adulthood. The peak incidence is at the age of 9.

Kawasaki disease is an inflammatory disease of the arterial vessels in children, which is characterized by fever, chills, rash, various lesions of the joints, skin, and oral mucosa.

Sudden exanthema is a viral disease characterized by unexpected sequential manifestations of fever and rash. The disease most often occurs in children from six months to three years old.

Intrauterine infections (IUI) are diseases of the fetus or newborn caused by various pathogens, infection with which occurs during gestation or during the birth process. Intracranial birth injuries are the leading cause of infant mortality.

Intracranial birth injury refers to ruptures of blood vessels and hemorrhages inside the skull sustained by a child during childbirth, leading to various cerebral and neurovascular disorders. Among all birth disorders of the nervous system, intracranial trauma accounts for 10-20% of cases. Of these, 10-12% are fatal.

Hydrocele or hydrocele of the testicle implies the accumulation of serous fluid in the scrotum. The disease is considered a physiological phenomenon that often resolves on its own. It occurs in 10% of one-year-old babies.

Congenital myopathy is a pathology characterized by congenital changes of a genetically determined type occurring in muscle tissue.

Pyloric stenosis is a congenital or acquired pathology of the outlet of the stomach, which complicates its patency and movement of contents into the duodenum.

Congenital stridor is a disease of young children, which is characterized by loud and noisy breathing, which intensifies with coughing and crying.

Galactosemia is a hereditary metabolic disorder in which the activity of enzymes necessary for the transformation of galactose into glucose is impaired.

Gastritis is an inflammatory process in the stomach, which is accompanied by dystrophic changes in the mucous surface. Dystrophic changes - damage to epithelial cells, as a consequence - disruption of gastric secretion.

Gastroduodenitis is a chronic inflammation of the stomach, accompanied by disruption of the duodenum. Duodenitis is damage to the mucous membrane of the duodenum, provoked by various factors.

Helminthiasis is a type of disease caused by lower multicellular worms (helminths). When they enter a person, they lead to intoxication of organs and vital systems. For objective reasons, a child is more often exposed to infection due to non-observance of food hygiene.

Hemangioma is a benign tumor that occurs in a child due to abnormal development of blood vessels during the prenatal period.

Haemophilus influenzae (influenza infection) is a disease that causes damage to the respiratory system and nervous system, while foci of purulent erosions appear on any organ. This disease is typical for children and is quite rare in adults.

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease that occurs in the liver parenchyma, where it penetrates directly from the human blood when infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Its main target is hepatocytes (functional liver cells) involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, protein and bile salts. Their deficiency has an extremely negative effect on the functioning of the organ. Therefore, if a child exhibits characteristic symptoms, it is necessary to immediately consult a pediatrician or pediatric gastroenterologist.

Hepatoblastoma is a malignant liver tumor of embryonic origin that occurs in children under three years of age.

Herpetic sore throat is an acute infectious disease caused by the Coxsackie virus group A or B. It causes a sudden rise in temperature, pharyngitis and inflammatory processes in the oral cavity.

Herpetic (herpetic) stomatitis is an inflammatory process in the oral cavity, entailing general intoxication. It is a consequence of the herpes virus entering the child's body.

Hydrocephalus (or dropsy of the brain) is a disease that causes a significant increase in the size of the skull due to excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system of the brain.

Gingivitis is an inflammatory process that occurs in the mucous membrane of the marginal gum and interdental papillae due to the negative impact of various factors.

Hyperactivity is a pathological process caused by minimal dysfunctions in the brain. It is characterized by excessive activity, inattention and general impulsiveness.

Fetal hypoxia is a pathological condition that occurs when there is insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues and organs of the embryo.

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine pathology, the appearance of which is caused by a lack of thyroid hormones or the ineffectiveness of their activity at the cellular level.

Hypotrophy is a chronic eating disorder in which the baby is underweight. Often accompanied by a deterioration in immune protection and thermoregulatory function.

Glomerulonephritis is an acute or chronic disease that leads to damage to the renal glomeruli. It can be of both infectious and allergic origin.

Headaches in children occur quite often. Every fifth child studying in elementary school suffers from headaches. As for teenagers, we can say that this figure reaches 90%.

Cephalic presentation of the fetus is the position of the fetal head at the entrance to the small pelvis.

Homocystinuria is a hereditary pathology caused by a malfunction in the metabolic processes of the essential amino acid methionine. As a result, the breakdown product homocysteine accumulates in the blood plasma, which leads to disruptions in the functioning of many functions and systems of the body.

Fungal skin diseases are infectious diseases caused by parasitic fungi. They cause damage to the skin and its appendages (nails and hair).

Flu is an acute respiratory disease caused by RNA-containing viruses, accompanied by intoxication of the body and damage to the respiratory tract.

Roseola infantum is an acute infectious disease of viral origin, mainly affecting children under two years of age.

Infantile colic is a pathological condition characterized by functional gastrointestinal disorders, accompanied by attacks of strong, intense and prolonged crying. Any intestinal dysbiosis leads to its disorder, an infection is not necessary for such a clinic to occur.

Cerebral palsy is a group of diseases accompanied by disturbances of movement, balance and body position due to damage to the muscular system and musculoskeletal system. Speech and intellectual impairments are also observed in the child.

Ventricular septal defect is a congenital heart defect in children over 3 years of age. With this defect, there is an opening in the septum separating the right and left ventricles.

Diathesis is a child's predisposition to pathological reactions or certain diseases. Depending on the specific type of diathesis, these may be respiratory infections, allergic reactions, convulsive syndrome.

Meckel's diverticulum is a congenital defect of the ileum associated with incomplete closure or overgrowth of the proximal part of the vitelline duct. It usually has a triangular shape with a wide base on the intestinal wall opposite the mesenteric edge.

Dysbacteriosis or intestinal dysbiosis is a change in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora, in which the amount of "useful" flora decreases and the process of replacing it with pathogenic or opportunistic flora occurs.

Jaundice in newborns (Gospel's disease) is an increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood, which accumulates in the tissues and gives the skin, mucous membranes and whites of the eyeballs a yellowish tint.

Mental retardation (MR) is a slowdown in the development of the psyche and emotional-volitional sphere, which consists of a limited stock of knowledge and ideas about the world, an insufficient level of thinking and memory.

Constipation in children is a problem with the gastrointestinal tract that manifests itself in difficult bowel movements.

Impetigo is a superficial skin disease that causes suppuration and scabs. It is one of the most contagious skin diseases. It most often develops in children.

Urinary tract infection in children is an inflammation of the urinary system that occurs as a result of exposure to infectious microorganisms.

Cough in children is a process aimed at clearing the lungs or airways of phlegm.

Intestinal infection in children is a disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by bacteria or infections and occurring with high fever, vomiting and diarrhea.

Intestinal colic in newborns is acute episodic abdominal pain that occurs in children in the first six months of life.

Skin rash in children is a manifestation of rashes on any part of the body, which can be a symptom of various diseases. The rash can be allergic in nature, be a consequence of improper hygiene or a sign of a certain disease in the child's body.

Colitis is a disease of the large intestine, which is accompanied by its dysfunction and inflammation of the mucous membrane, causing serious painful sensations. According to medical research, about 15-20% of cases of the disease in adults have their roots in childhood.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the eye. It can be a consequence of the body's reaction to an external or internal irritant.

A thin film-like membrane connecting the lower part of the tongue to the floor of the mouth is called a frenulum. In some situations, it can cause a number of inconveniences associated with general development.

Measles is an acute infectious disease of both children and adults, transmitted by airborne droplets, which is caused by an RNA virus. It is accompanied by a characteristic spotty-nodular rash on the skin.

Urticaria (Urticaria) is a skin disease characterized by erythematous rashes. Erythematous rashes are itchy red blisters and swellings, the body's reaction to an irritant (allergen) or a manifestation of another disease.

Rubella is an infectious disease caused by the Rubella virus. It is accompanied by a characteristic fine-grained red rash.

Torticollis is considered a fairly common disease among babies, especially among newborns, as a result of injuries received during childbirth. It occurs as an independent disease, but can be a complication of other diseases.

Lactase deficiency (LD) is a disease characterized by a deficiency or absence of the enzyme lactase, which is involved in the absorption of milk sugar. It is of particular importance in children in the first year of life, since dairy products are used in their diet to the maximum.

Laryngitis in children is a disease characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the larynx. The inflammatory process occurs with mixed symptoms. Effective treatment consists of determining the underlying cause.

Childhood leukemia is a neoplastic disease of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the transformation of a certain type of blood cell into a malignant one.

Leucinosis (maple syrup disease) is a hereditary disease, which consists of a congenital metabolic disorder. The disease has an autosomal recessive type of inheritance.

Lymphadenitis in children is a disease of the lymph nodes. It is accompanied by an inflammatory process, often purulent.

Ringworm in children is a disease that belongs to the group of dermatoses of infectious origin.

Giardiasis in children is a parasitic infection caused by a single-celled flagellate microorganism (lamblia).

Meningitis in children is an inflammation of the outer membranes of the brain (dura, arachnoid, pia) due to neuroinfection.

Microcephaly is a congenital pathology characterized by a decrease in the size of the skull and brain. Microcephaly is accompanied by mental retardation of varying degrees.

Urinary incontinence in children, according to the generally accepted definition, is a specific disorder due to which control over urination is lost or the urge to urinate becomes too frequent compared to the normal state.

Premature babies are a group of infants born weighing less than 2500 g and measuring less than 45 cm during pregnancy up to 37 weeks with mandatory signs of functional immaturity of organs and systems (central nervous, digestive, respiratory, thermoregulation).

Neurogenic bladder in children is a functional disorder of filling and emptying the bladder associated with a violation of the mechanisms of nervous regulation.

Non-rheumatic carditis in children is an inflammatory lesion of one or several membranes of the heart, not associated with rheumatic or other systemic pathology.

Ostogenesis imperfecta, also called «crystal disease», imperfect osteogenesis or Lobstein-Frolik disease, is a congenital pathology in which a defect in the structural protein of bone tissue leads to its abnormal formation.

Obstructive bronchitis is an inflammatory disease of the bronchi with the presence of a large amount of thick, viscous sputum filling their lumen. In this case, the free flow of air into the lower respiratory tract is disrupted, and then the gas exchange in the blood.

Diaper rash or “diaper” dermatitis is a non-infectious lesion of the skin of an infant involving the surfaces most often exposed to microtrauma in conditions of high humidity. Most often, this is facilitated by violations of sanitary and hygienic norms and rules for caring for a baby.

ARI in children is an acute inflammatory lesion of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, caused by various types of respiratory viruses.

Quincke's edema in children is an allergic disease characterized by the appearance of severe edema of the mucous epithelium.

Otitis in children is an inflammatory disease of the ear with severe pain and temporary hearing loss.

Pancreatitis is a group of diseases and syndromes in which inflammation of the pancreas is observed.

Lice is the parasitism of lice on parts of the body covered with hair. As a result, damage to the skin develops from bites and their waste products.

Diaper dermatitis is an inflammation process of those areas of the skin that come into contact with a diaper or nappies.

Fractures of the bones of the foot and toes in children are a complete or partial violation of the integrity of the bones that form the foot.

Pyelonephritis is an inflammatory kidney disease that, under unfavorable conditions, is caused by a number of microorganisms.

Pyloric stenosis (PST) is a pathological condition of the first days of a child's life, manifested by a violation of the patency of the pyloric section of the stomach due to hypertrophy of the pyloric muscles (PV).

Flat feet in children is a violation of the shape of the foot, in which there is a lowering of the longitudinal and transverse arches, as a result of which its shock-absorbing properties are lost.

Pneumonia is an acute infectious and inflammatory process of various etiologies, from which mortality in the world is about 15%.

Borderline conditions of newborns are signs caused by the adaptation of the infant's body.

Poliomyelitis is an acute viral disease that affects the nervous system (mainly the gray matter of the spinal cord), and which is characterized by inflammatory changes in the mucous membrane nasopharynx and intestinal lining.

Umbilical hernia in children is a pathology in which individual internal areas protrude beyond the peritoneum through the umbilical ring. It appears as a protrusion.

Cervical cancer is a neoplasm of epithelial tissue with possible spread of infiltrates and metastases to neighboring and distant organs. The most common oncological disease - up to 80% of all cases of malignant tumors of the female genital organs.

Early childhood autism is a disorder characterized by the inability to establish social contacts and adequately perceive external circumstances. The first signs appear from the very birth of the child.

Rickets is a disease in which bone tissue softens due to a lack of calcium and phosphorus salts in the body. It occurs mainly in children, and in adults it develops in rare cases.

Rheumatism is a pathological inflammation of connective tissue of an infectious nature.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease of the organs of vision that occurs due to underdevelopment of the retina in children born prematurely.

Birth injury of newborns is a disorder in the functioning of organs and systems that occurs in a child in the womb or during birth.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is expressed in an increased glucose content in the blood due to insufficient production of the hormone responsible for its digestibility.

Neonatal sepsis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. The disease spreads throughout the body through the bloodstream.

Ear wax is a mechanical barrier to the passage of a sound wave into the ear cavity and onto the eardrum. It occurs as a result of compaction of earwax and desquamated epithelial cells of the ear canal.

SIDS is a sudden onset of respiratory and cardiac arrest followed by death in the context of complete health.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a rare disease that leads to severe damage to the endothelium of target organ vessels.

Hyperexcitability syndrome is a pathology in children that manifests itself in the form of uncontrolled behavior. The cause is a disruption in the functioning of the brain.

Down syndrome is a form of genomic abnormality in which the karyotype is represented by forty-seven chromosomes instead of the normal forty-six.

Respiratory distress syndrome is pulmonary insufficiency in newborns, the cause of which is underdevelopment of tissues and a lack of substance lining the alveoli from the inside.

Kawasaki syndrome (SK) is a systemic pathology that acutely debuts in early childhood (up to 5 years), with predominant damage to the coronary arteries (CA).

Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) is a disease characterized by the presence of an additional chromosome 13 in cells. This disease develops as a result of a chromosomal abnormality that forms in the human hereditary material.

Irritable bowel syndrome in children covers a range of manifestations of discomfort in the child's abdominal cavity. However, a detailed examination of the gastrointestinal tract does not reveal a specific disease in any of its sections or organs. Thus, this is a discoordination of the gastrointestinal tract functions. This pathology is observed in 15-20% of the entire population in the world, but most of them are children.

Synechiae in girls is the adhesion, fusion of the labia minora in girls at an early age (1-2 years). According to statistics, ten percent of girls under the age of two have a disease called synechia.

Synechia in boys, or synechia of the foreskin, is a "sticking together", fusion of the head of the penis and the inner side of the foreskin, which prevents the head of the penis from being exposed.

Scarlet fever is an infectious disease caused by a specific pathogenic bacterium (group A streptococcus). It causes sore throat, fever, general malaise and intoxication, as well as the appearance of a rash on the skin. At the beginning of the disease, patients are very dangerous as a source of possible infection, which occurs through household contact.

Scoliosis is a persistent curvature of the spine in the lateral plane. It causes disturbances in the internal organs and significantly reduces the mobility of the spine.

Concussion is a reversible disorder in the central nervous system caused by external traumatic influences. The disorder is based on a short-term loss of contact between neurons.

Spasmophilia is a disease of young children, characterized by increased neuromuscular excitability and a tendency to tonic and clonic spasms of individual muscle groups.

Fusion of the labia minora (FLM) is a pathology that is detected in girls, starting from infancy.

Staphyloderma of newborns is a staphylococcal infectious skin lesion that can have various external manifestations.

Stomatitis is an inflammation that forms on the oral mucosa. The name is common for a group of similar diseases.

Streptoderma is a purulent-inflammatory disease caused by streptococci. These microorganisms penetrate into damaged skin.

Convulsive syndrome in children is a suddenly developing attack of spastic contractions of all skeletal muscles or their individual groups. Different factors underlie the development, but clinically they manifest themselves in the same way.

Thymomegaly is a significant increase in the thymus gland (its volume and mass). This disease affects children of early (up to 3 years) and older age. A child with this pathology may have allergies, endocrine disorders, problems in oncology or suffer from an autoimmune disease in the future. Therefore, the baby requires regular examination by an allergist-immunologist and pediatrician.

Toxic erythema is a disease characterized by polymorphic rashes on the skin of newborns. It develops during the first days of life in 50% of newborns. Reflects the adaptation process in the baby to various external factors and the environment.

Tonsillitis is a microbial inflammatory disease of the internal lymphoid ring or tonsils. Patients often call this disease tonsillitis.

Tracheitis in children is an inflammation of the trachea, part of the bronchial tree. Its upper section borders the larynx, and the lower section branches into the mass of bronchi. It is mainly combined with a pathogenic process in other nearby sections of the respiratory system, for example, laryngotracheitis, tracheobronchitis, etc.

Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Koch's bacillus entering the body.

Hearing loss is a hearing disorder that can be caused by damage to the auditory nerve or the anatomical structure of the ear.

Pharyngitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract involving the pharynx.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder of the nervous system and growth abnormalities in newborns whose mothers consumed alcohol (ALC) during pregnancy.

Cystitis is a urological pathology, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder due to infection.

Frequently ill children (FSC) are a category of children who suffer from colds much more often than their peers during the year.

Scabies (scabies) in children is a parasitic skin disease caused by the itch mite.

Enterobiasis in children is an infection with pinworms (round worms). Characterized by perianal burning, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, etc.

Enterovirus infections in children are diseases caused by intestinal viruses. Characterized by a wide range of symptoms.

Enuresis in children is uncontrolled urination during sleep, regular or sporadic.

Epiglottitis in children is an inflammatory process caused by bacterial pathogens, covering the epiglottis and laryngopharynx. Characterized by life-threatening blockage of the airways.

Epilepsy in children is a pathology of the brain, characterized by repeated seizures that occur without obvious provoking circumstances.

Barley in a child is a pathology in which in purulent masses accumulate in the eyelash follicle and adjacent sebaceous glands. Characterized by swelling, pain, and vascular engorgement.