Developmental defects of the mammary glands - causes and signs of developmental defects of the mammary glands
The following classification of these disorders exists, based on etiopathogenetic features:
- True – manifestation of hereditary diseases (chromosomal and gene). They can arise as a result of an unfavorable effect on embryonic formation at the initial stage of differentiation.
- False – their occurrence is due to
There is the following classification of these disorders, based on etiopathogenetic features:
- True – manifestation of hereditary diseases (chromosomal and genetic). They can arise as a result of an adverse effect on embryonic formation at the initial stage of differentiation.
- False - their occurrence is caused by exogenous (radiation, trauma, infection) or endogenous (neoplastic and hormonal) factors that affected the human body in the postnatal period.
These defects can be:
- unilateral;
- bilateral.
According to another classification, these disorders by the anomaly of the number of nipples and breasts are of the following types:
- Amastia - there is a complete absence of both breasts.
- Monomastia - one-sided formation of the mammary gland is characteristic. Its complete absence is observed.
- Polymastia - the presence of additional elements is characteristic.
- Athelia - the complete absence of nipples is characteristic.
- Polythelia - only additional nipples are formed.
Defects associated with anomalies in the volume and size of the mammary glands are of the following types:
- hypomastia or micromastia - insignificant size with normal formation of the reproductive system;
- gigantomastia or macromastia - the sizes are disproportionately large, which occurs due to tissue hypertrophy;
- aplasia - complete underdevelopment is observed;
- anizomastia - a type of aplasia in which there is a compensatory increase in the other breast;
- hypoplasia of the glands - partial development;
- mastoptosis – prolapse of the nipple-areolar complex.
Causes
The main causes of pathology:
- heredity:
- genetic disorders (chromosomal and gene);
- radiation;
- various injuries;
- infections;
- the influence of neoplastic and hormonal factors in the postnatal period;
- malformations of intrauterine formation in the 6th week of pregnancy;
- Poland syndrome.
Various surgical manipulations (mastectomy) can lead to the formation of these defects.
Symptoms
The clinical picture may have different manifestations:
- impaired aesthetic appearance;
- presence of asymmetry;
- absence or underdevelopment of one or both breasts, nipple-areolar complex;
- drooping;
- presence of rudimentary pigment spots.
With polymastia, it is possible for breast elements to develop in unexpected places: on the limbs, neck, back, armpits, in the area of the labia majora, etc.
In the case of polymastia, when the formed additional elements are developed and function normally, their soreness and swelling are observed in the premenstrual period. period.
Diagnostics
Diagnostics are performed immediately after birth or during puberty. You should make an appointment with a mammologist. This is especially important in case of polymastia. At the initial appointment, the doctor will conduct an examination and palpation, after which he will refer you for a consultation with a plastic surgeon. In addition, the mammologist will prescribe additional tests to determine the presence of pathological processes. These examinations include:
- ultrasound;
- magnetic resonance imaging;
- computed tomography;
- mammography.
Treatment
All breast development defects are corrected by plastic surgery.
Prevention
Since the causes of these abnormalities are genetic disorders, preventive measures for these defects have not been developed.
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